AbstractBackground and objectives: One of the important strategies for using agricultural waste is to use the biological capacity of medicinal fungi. Agricultural wastes are produced in most parts of Iran as a result of agricultural, horticultural and forestry activities. And every year, thousands of tons of waste materials are burned or thrown away, which leads to environmental pollution and health hazards. In addition to being accessible, the substrate should create lower financial costs for the producer and also create a suitable performance. The aim of this research is to investigate different substrates (various wastes of agricultural and industrial products) for the cultivation of G. resinaseum. By choosing the right substrate and checking the balanced ratio of carbon to nitrogen in the substrates, it is possible to improve the desired quantitative (performance) and qualitative (nutritional value) traits in G. resinaceum.Materials and methods: This study was performed in a completely randomized design with 3 replications with Iranian isolate of G. resinaseum in 2020. After collecting the mushroom from the forest, the pure culture of the sterilized basidiocarp was carried out, and then the spawn of the Iranian G. resinaceum was produced. Experimental treatments include 7 types of substrates including 1. Poplar sawdust + Rice bran (90+10) 2. Poplar sawdust + Soybean meal (90+10) 3. Poplar sawdust + Wheat straw (60+40) 4. Poplar sawdust + Rice straw (60+40) 5. Poplar sawdust + Date palm sawdust (70+30) 6. Poplar sawdust + Banana tree waste (70+30) 7. Poplar sawdust (100).Results: The results of this study showed that the highest yield (210.06 g / 2000 g substrate), total dry matter (95.35 g / 2000 g substrate), total polysaccharide (15.95 mg / g dry matter) and Biological efficiency (10.5 persent) of G. resinaseum belongs to the combination of wood chips with rice bran. And the highest amount of total nitrogen of fruiting body (3.67 mg/100 g dry matter) and the protein (22.93 mg/100 g dry matter) is related to the substrate of wood chips with soybean meal. also, the shortest time for spawn running (28.66 days), pinhead formation (41 days) and precocity (65 days) were recorded for wood chip substrate with rice bran. Conclusion: Adding organic supplements is one of the appropriate methods to modify the substrate and reduce the ratio of carbon to nitrogen. according to the results of this study, it is recommended to add rice bran supplement, soybean meal and use of wheat straw, rice straw, date palm wastes and banana tree wastes to the wood chip.Keywords: Combined substrates, Fruit body, Organic supplement, Spawn run.

Heart disease-cardiovascular, cancer and obesity are the main causes of death and there are direct relationship between the consumption of high-fat foods and the incidence of these diseases. Therefore the demand for low-fat food products and probiotics has been dramatically increased. In this study, the effect of different levels of three hydrocolloids (inulin, chitosan and xanthan) at three levels (1, 2 and 3%) on survival of Lactobacillus acidophilus, physicochemical and sensory properties of yogurt during 15 days of storage was explored using a Combined design. Increased levels of inulin and chitosan positively affected La-5 count, apparent viscosity, acidity and sensory scores during storage. Using graphical method of optimizing (overlaid contour plots), optimum ratios were: inulin 93.4%, xanthan 0.6% and chitosan 6%.

Background: Early diagnosis of congenital anomalies and termination at early pregnancy can prevent the birth of these children. The Step-wise sequential test has the most sensitivity in this regard; but because of the religious and legal rules in our country (the abortion must be done before 17 weeks of gestation or 19 weeks of LMP), it is better to use a test that is performed in first trimester and has high sensitivity rate; so the use of invasive procedures become less. We aimed to estimate the diagnosis value of Combined test (free beta-hCG, nuchal translucency, and pregnancy-associated protein A) for trisomy 21 and 18 screening.Methods: In this cross sectional study, 380 pregnant women with the age of more than 35 years referred to Beheshti and Alzahra clinics (Isfahan, Iran) at the 9-14 weeks of gestation were enrolled. Combines test analysis was done with Alpha software and the sample population was divided to highand low-risk portions for trisomy 21 and 18. The high risks went on amniocentesis and the other group followed after birth for detecting if there were any signs of syndromes manifestation.Findings: For trisomy 21 (Down's syndrome), the sensitivity of Combined test was 100%, and the specificity was 96.4%, with a false positive rate of 3.5%. For trisomy 18, it was 75% for the sensitivity and 100% for the specificity, with a false positive rate of 0%.Conclusion: Regarding to high sensitivity and specificity of the Combined test in our population compared to other societies, we can use this test with more confidence. So, diagnosing the maternal anomalies in early first trimester could be done and we could terminate pregnancies with proven trisomy 21 and 18 legally.

To investigate the response of corn to Combined application of chemical fertilizers with rhizobacteria plant growth promoting, an experiment was conducted in 2017 at Research farm of Agricultural and Natural Resources Campus of Tehran University, Karaj, Iran, in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Four nutritional treatments including T1 (Control treatment without applying fertilizer), T2 (Just PGPRs), T3 (Use chemical fertilizers based on soil test) and T4 (T3 + PGPRs) were considered. According to the results, the highest total dry weight (3.9 kg/m2), crop growth rate (79.8 g.m-2.day-1), net assimilation rate (15.3 g.m-2.day-1) and grain yield (18.2 ton.ha-1) were observed in T4 treatment and T2 treatment produced the highest  leaf area index (5.3), leaf area duration (205.2) and specific leaf weight (78.5 g.m-2) . Also, the lowest value of all traits was observed in in T1 (control) treatment. The results showed that the presence of rhizobacteria plant growth promotioninduction in the corn nutrition program increased the growth and growth indices of the plant. Combined application of chemical fertilizers with rhizobacteria plant growth promoting resulted in the highest growth and final grain yield of corn.

A structured mathematical model of anaerobic conversion of complex organic materials in non-ideally cyclic-batch reactors for Biogas production has been developed. The model is based on multiple-reaction stoichiometry (enzymatic hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis and methanogenesis), microbial growth kinetics, conventional material balances in the liquid and gas phases for a cyclic-batch reactor, liquid-gas interactions, liquid phase equilibrium reactions and a simple mixing model which considers the reactor volume in two separate sections: the flow-through and the retention regions. The dynamic model describes the effects of reactant s distribution resulting from the mixing conditions, time interval of feeding, hydraulic retention time and mixing parameters on the process performance. The model is applied in the simulation of anaerobic digestion of cattle manure under different operating conditions. The model is compared with experimental data and good correlations are obtained.

Post-surgery infections and not effective integration represent a serious issue in the Titanium (Ti) based implants function for a long term stability. To reduce such issue various surface functionalization method including surface coating has been explored. Here we successfully coated Ti substrates with Graphene Oxide (GO), Chitosan (Cs), and nanocomposite of GO and Cs (GO/Cs) via spin coated method to evaluate the osteogenic properties of each coatings. Uncoated Ti substrates were used as control. Scanning electron microscopy was used to investigate the coating morphology. Surface roughness measurements were achieved from atomic force microscopy. To measure surface wettability, contact angels method was performed.Ti substrates coated with Cs (TiCs) and Cs/GO (TiCs/GO) showed the highest surface wettability compared to Ti substrates coated with GO (TiGO) and the control. The highest surface roughness was also observed in TiCs/GO. To test cellular attachment and proliferation the samples were exposed to human osteoblast-like MG63 cells after 2 hours, 4 hours, 6 hours, 1 day, 3 days, and 1 week. MTT [3-4, 5 dimethylthiazol- 2yl (2, 5diphenyl-2H-tetrazoliumbromide)] assay was performed to measure the percentage of cellular attachment and proliferation for each coatings. Cell adhesion and cell proliferation was most improved in TiCs followed by TiCs/GO. Corrosion resistance of the coatings was investigated using potentiodynamic polarization test in simulated body fluid. The result indicated that the nanocomposite coating could provide effective protection of Ti substrates from corrosion.